I personally would take a step back and get rid of any assumption about why I did not get a raise. You have jumped to the conclusion that you did not get a raise because of some personal defects. It could just as well be that 80% of the company was profoundly undercompensated whereas you are already compensated in line with market rates.
I think it's reasonable to expect your manager to provide more details. I would give my manager a heads up that if they do not explain I am going to escalate. In my escalation I would stick to the facts. "The CEO said 80% of the company got raises. I did not get a raise. I have asked my manager for an explanation. My manager refused to explain."
P.S. you should totally work on those personal defects that you've identified in yourself. It sounds like you may also have some responsibility in creating a toxic work environment.
It's very unlikely that a developer hired 4+ years ago is compensated in line with market rates. The market has gone bananas in that time and it would be very rare for a company proactively give raises big enough to match.
I think it's reasonable to expect your manager to provide more details. I would give my manager a heads up that if they do not explain I am going to escalate. In my escalation I would stick to the facts. "The CEO said 80% of the company got raises. I did not get a raise. I have asked my manager for an explanation. My manager refused to explain."
P.S. you should totally work on those personal defects that you've identified in yourself. It sounds like you may also have some responsibility in creating a toxic work environment.